Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
https://actalb.org/article/doi/10.1590/S2179-975X8720
Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
Thematic Section: Limnology of Subtropical Aquatic Environments

Eating at the edges: the feeding mode and the individual-resource networks of a characid fish in the periphyton

Comendo pelas bordas: o modo de alimentação e a rede de interação de recursos individuais de um peixe caracídeo sobre o perifíton

Ubirajara Lima Fernandes; Grasiela Casas; Taise Miranda Lopes; Leandra Palheta; Liliana Rodrigues; Bárbara Dunck

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Abstract

Abstract: : Aim: We evaluated the predation interactions between Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae and periphytic algae, in the presence or absence of an intermediate consumer (zooplankton). We tested the following hypotheses using a microcosms experiment: 1) fish consume zooplankton when available, therefore reducing algae consumption and increasing algal biomass; 2) fish consume the same algal species in the presence or absence of zooplankton; 3) species from the low-profile of the periphytic algal matrix are less consumed; 4) there is no difference in the nestedness of the networks between treatments, but the network in the treatment with zooplankton is modular; 5) the treatment with zooplankton shows higher interaction diversity, evenness and specialization degree.

Methods: The microcosms were separated in three treatments, control (no herbivores), T1 with periphytic algae and fish, and T2 with periphytic algae, fish and zooplankton. After seven days of experiment, the stomach contents were analyzed and quantified according to the algal profiles of the periphytic matrix. We also used the individual-resource network to investigate the differences in the individuals’ diet preferences between treatments.

Results: The fish diet did not differ between food webs with zooplankton presence or absence. They fed more on the algal medium profile, which also predominated in the control. The main food items were the diatoms Ulnaria ulna and Achnanthidium minutissimum. The interaction network results showed that the two treatments presented network modularity, and T2 (with zooplankton) presented nested network, in addition to showing greater interaction diversity and evenness, and less specialization of interactions.

Conclusions: Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae can take advantage of a more abundant resource, and the presence or not of zooplankton did not alter the herbivory interaction. Considering the individual-resource network patterns, individuals of fish showed differences in how they share resources between treatments, with presence of opportunistic and selective individuals, and distinct distribution and diversity of interactions in the presence of zooplankton.

Keywords

complex networks, herbivory, trophic interactions, floodplain, subtropical

Resumo

Resumo: : Objetivo: Nós avaliamos as interações de predação entre Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae e algas perifíticas, na presença ou não de um consumidor intermediário (zooplâncton). Nós testamos as seguintes hipóteses através de um experimento em microcosmos: 1) peixes consomem zooplâncton quando disponível, reduzindo o consumo de algas e aumentando a biomassa algal; 2) peixes consomem as mesmas espécies de algas na presença ou ausência de zooplâncton; 3) espécies do perfil inferior da matriz perifítica são menos consumidas; 4) não há diferença no aninhamento das redes entre os tratamentos, mas a rede no tratamento com zooplâncton é modular; 5) o tratamento com zooplâncton apresenta maior diversidade, equitabilidade e especialização das interações.

Métodos: Os microcosmos foram separados em três tratamentos, controle (ausência de herbívoros), T1 com algas perifíticas e peixes, e T2 com algas perifíticas, peixes e zooplâncton. Após sete dias de experimento, os conteúdos dos estômagos foram analisados e classificados de acordo com o perfil ocupado pelas algas na matriz perifítica. Nós também usamos análises de rede em nível de indivíduo para investigar as diferenças na dieta dos peixes entre tratamentos.

Resultados: A dieta dos peixes não diferiu entre as redes alimentares na presença ou ausência de zooplâncton. Eles se alimentaram mais de algas do perfil médio, que também predominaram no controle. Os principais itens alimentares foram as diatomáceas Ulnaria ulna e Achnanthidium minutissimum. Os resultados das redes de interação demonstraram que os dois tratamentos apresentaram modularidade de rede, e que T2 apresentou rede aninhada, além de maior equitabilidade e diversidade de interações, e menor especialização de interações.

Conclusões: Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae pode aproveitar um recurso mais abundante e a presença ou não de zooplâncton não alterou a interação de herbivoria. Considerando padrões individuais de rede, os indivíduos de peixes demonstraram diferenças entre os tratamentos no modo em que compartilham recursos, com a presença de indivíduos generalistas e especialistas e distinta distribuição e diversidade de interações na presença de zooplâncton.
 

Palavras-chave

redes complexas, herbivoria, interações tróficas, planície de inundação, subtropical

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