Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
https://actalb.org/article/doi/10.1590/S2179-975X8425
Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
Review Article

Neotropical invaders: a review of the most impactful non-native aquatic macrophytes

Invasores neotropicais: uma revisão sobre as macrófitas aquáticas mais impactantes

Sidinei Magela Thomaz; Andre Andrial Padial

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Abstract

Aim: Many macrophyte species have become invasive and cause severe ecological and economic impacts on aquatic ecosystems. In this review, we synthesize the main determinants of invasion by the principal macrophyte species in the Neotropics that originated from other continents, as well as their ecological impacts on these ecosystems.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review using the Web of Science and Scopus databases.

Results: The three most frequently studied non-native species introduced from other continents in Neotropical ecosystems were Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla), Urochloa arrecta (African signalgrass), and Hedychium coronarium (white ginger). The success of these species is explained by a combination of traits that facilitate dispersal and colonization, together with rapid growth rates and tolerance to a wide range of abiotic conditions. Environmental factors such as drought, nutrient availability, and shading are important determinants of their success, although their influence varies among species. Biotic resistance provided by native species was identified as an important factor that reduces the ecosystem invasibility by all three species. We found evidence of impacts on native macrophyte populations and communities, as well as on invertebrates, fish, and birds. All three species caused changes in community composition, while reductions in native species diversity were most pronounced for African signalgrass and white ginger. African signalgrass accumulates extremely high biomass, eliminating native macrophytes and fish and altering ecosystem properties. For these reasons, it can be considered the most impactful of the three species.

Conclusions: All three species cause significant impacts on Neotropical ecosystems, and efforts to prevent their spread and establishment should be prioritized. Management practices that include preventing dispersal, maintaining ecosystem integrity and native biodiversity, and implementing direct control at small spatial scales may help achieve effective control of these invasive species.

Keywords

invasive species; non-native species; aquatic plants; invasive species impacts; biotic resistance; invasiveness; invasibility

Resumo

Objetivo: Muitas espécies de macrófitas tornaram-se invasoras e causam severos impactos ecológicos e econômicos nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Nesta revisão, sintetizamos os principais determinantes da invasão pelas principais espécies de macrófitas na região Neotropical que se originaram de outros continentes, bem como seus impactos ecológicos.

Métodos: Conduzimos uma revisão sistemática utilizando as bases de dados Web of Science e Scopus.

Resultados: As três espécies não nativas mais frequentemente estudadas, originárias de outros continentes e presentes em ecossistemas neotropicais, foram Hydrilla verticillata (hidrila), Urochloa arrecta (braquiária aquática) e Hedychium coronarium (lírio do brejo). O sucesso dessas espécies é explicado por uma combinação de características que facilitam a dispersão e a colonização, juntamente com altas taxas de crescimento e tolerância a uma ampla gama de condições abióticas. Fatores ambientais, como seca, disponibilidade de nutrientes e sombreamento, são determinantes importantes de seu sucesso, embora sua influência varie entre as espécies. A resistência biótica proporcionada pelas espécies nativas foi identificada como um fator importante que reduz a invasibilidade do ecossistema pelas três espécies. Encontramos evidências de impactos sobre populações e comunidades de macrófitas nativas, bem como sobre invertebrados, peixes e aves. As três espécies causaram alterações na composição das comunidades, enquanto as reduções na diversidade de espécies nativas foram mais pronunciadas para a braquiária e o lírio do brejo. A braquiária acumula uma biomassa extremamente alta, eliminando em algumas situações, macrófitas e peixes nativos e alterando as propriedades do ecossistema. Por essas razões, pode ser considerada a mais impactante das três espécies.

Conclusões: As três espécies causam impactos significativos nos ecossistemas neotropicais, e esforços para prevenir sua disseminação e estabelecimento devem ser priorizados. Práticas de manejo que incluam a prevenção da dispersão, a manutenção da integridade do ecossistema e da biodiversidade nativa, bem como a implementação de controle direto em pequenas escalas espaciais, podem contribuir para o controle eficaz dessas espécies invasoras.

Palavras-chave

espécies invasoras; espécies não nativas; plantas aquáticas; impactos de espécies invasoras; resistência biótica; aptidão invasora; suscetibilidade à invasão

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Submitted date:
12/03/2025

Accepted date:
06/24/2026

Publication date:
08/10/2026

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