Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
https://actalb.org/article/doi/10.1590/S2179-975X6023
Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
Original Article

From the pond to the creek many years ago: life-history dynamics of feral poeciliids in Brazil

Do tanque de piscicultura para o córrego muitos anos atrás: dinâmicas da história de vida de poecilídeos ferais no Brasil

André Lincoln Barroso Magalhães; Eneida Maria Eskinazi-Sant’Anna; Mário Luís Orsi; Dilermando Pereira Lima Junior; Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule; Fernando Mayer Pelicice

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Abstract

Aim: We investigated trophic and reproductive traits of feral guppy Poecilia reticulata and southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus in a headwater creek located in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil.

Methods: Fish were collected bimonthly from January to December 2017 using sieve in Lopes Creek. Stomach items were analyzed and developmental stages of females were classified as 1 (Non-gravid), 2 (Yolked ova), 3 (Eyed embryos), and 4 (Mature embryos). The mean values of fecundity and population structure for each developmental stage were determined for females using six length classes. Bimonthly mean values of gonadosomatic index of females were overlayed with average bimonthly rainfall, water level/temperature, and the sex ratio was calculated. The juvenile-to-adult proportion was calculated bimonthly, and the phenotype (ornamental-type × wild-type) was also analyzed.

Results: The guppy and southern platyfish fed, primarily, on detritus, and both species showed reproductive activity during all the sampling period. The mean fecundity of P. reticulata and X. maculatus was high and the smallest gravid female of guppy measured 0.8 cm SL, and southern platyfish 1.0 cm. The GSI of both species showed peaks coinciding with the highest rainfall, water level/temperature, and females were significantly more frequent than males. Juveniles were found during all the sampling period, and both species were represented by wild-type forms.

Conclusions: P. reticulata and X. maculatus presented opportunistic feeding, long reproductive period, high fecundity and early maturity. The year-round presence of reproductive females, juveniles and wild-type phenotypes suggests establishment of populations in the study area. We hypothesize that the introduction of both species has occurred several years ago, and the continued exposure to predation seems to have molded their life-history traits and phenotype.

Keywords

aquaculture, biological invasions, diet, livebearers, reproduction

Resumo

Objetivo: Investigamos as características tróficas e reprodutivas de populações do guppy Poecilia reticulata e plati Xiphophorus maculatus ferais em um riacho de cabeceira localizado na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, sudeste do Brasil.

Métodos: Exemplares foram coletados bimestralmente de janeiro a dezembro de 2017 utilizando-se peneira no riacho Lopes. Os itens alimentares foram analisados e os estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário de fêmeas foram classificados como 1 (Não grávida), 2 (Ovo), 3 (Embrião com olhos) e 4 (Embrião formado). Os valores médios da fecundidade e estrutura populacional para cada estágio de desenvolvimento embrionário foram determinados para as fêmeas usando seis classes de comprimento. Os valores médios bimestrais do Índice Gonadossomático de fêmeas foram associados com a precipitação média bimestral, nível/temperatura da água e a razão sexual foi calculada. A proporção juvenil-adulto foi calculada bimestralmente, e os fenótipos ornamental/selvagem também foram analisados.

Resultados: O guppy e plati se alimentaram especialmente de detritos, e ambas espécies apresentaram atividade reprodutiva durante todo o período amostral. A fecundidade média de P. reticulata e X. maculatus foi alta e a menor fêmea grávida de guppy mediu < 1,0 cm e plati 1,0 cm CP. O IGS de ambas as espécies apresentaram picos coincidindo com maior precipitação, nível/temperatura da água, sendo as fêmeas mais numerosas que machos. Juvenis foram encontrados durante todo o período amostral, e ambas as espécies foram representadas pelo fenótipo selvagem.

Conclusões: P. reticulata e X. maculatus apresentaram alimentação oportunista, longo período reprodutivo, alta fecundidade e maturidade precoce. A presença de fêmeas reprodutivas, juvenis e do fenótipo selvagem durante todo o período amostral sugere estabelecimento das espécies na área de estudo. Hipotetizamos que a introdução do guppy e plati ocorreu há vários anos, e que a contínua exposição à predação parece ter moldado aspectos de sua história de vida e fenótipo.

Palavras-chave

aquicultura, invasões biológicas, dieta, ovovivíparos, reprodução

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Submetido em:
29/06/2023

Aceito em:
11/10/2023

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24/11/2023

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